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1: Urology. 2009 Jan;73(1):210.e3-5. Epub 2008 Apr 18.
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Superficial bladder cancer metastatic to the lungs: two case reports and review of the literature.

Dougherty DW, Gonsorcik VK, Harpster LE, Trussell JC, Drabick JJ.

Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.

Bladder cancer remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, with mortality related predominantly to metastasis. Approximately 70% of newly diagnosed cases of bladder cancer represent superficial disease that, despite a high risk of local recurrence, rarely progress to invasive or metastatic disease. The present cases demonstrate isolated pulmonary metastases associated with low-grade superficial bladder cancer, without previous evidence of muscle-invasive disease. Distant spread of low-grade superficial tumors is extremely unusual, and we review the literature and discuss the management of this rare entity.

PMID: 18372021 [PubMed - in process]